Title: peasants-msg
Subject: Peasants in period and SCA.
Author: Edited by Mark S. Harris
Last saved by: Mark S. Harris
Keywords: SCA, peasants, persona, medieval, serfs

peasants-msg – 7/22/12

Peasants in period and SCA. Peasant personas. Peasant diets.

NOTE: See also the files: brooms-msg, bucket-yokes-msg, personas-msg, persona-art, livestock-msg, fishing-msg, rabbits-msg, fowls-a-birds-msg.

************************************************************************
NOTICE -

This file is a collection of various messages having a common theme that I have collected from my reading of the various computer networks. Some messages date back to 1989, some may be as recent as yesterday.

This file is part of a collection of files called Stefan's Florilegium. These files are available on the Internet at: http://www.florilegium.org

I have done a limited amount of editing. Messages having to do with separate topics were sometimes split into different files and sometimes extraneous information was removed. For instance, the message IDs were removed to save space and remove clutter.

The comments made in these messages are not necessarily my viewpoints. I make no claims as to the accuracy of the information given by the individual authors.

Please respect the time and efforts of those who have written these messages. The copyright status of these messages is unclear at this time. If information is published from these messages, please give credit to the originator(s).

Thank you,
    Mark S. Harris                  AKA:  THLord Stefan li Rous
                                          Stefan at florilegium.org
************************************************************************

From: Chris Zakes / Tivar Moondragon <102435.2644 at CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: rec.org.sca
Subject: Re: Yes--the Middle Ages as they should have
Date: 28 Oct 1995 04:03:04 GMT

Our Barony did a "Peasants Revel" a few years ago; most folk came 
as their own servants, and had a grand time griping about how 
cruelly they were treated. One fellow came as the town drunk (he 
is actually a teetotaller) and was so convincing that several 
people offered him rides home.

Tivar Moondragon
-- 
Chris or Elisabeth Zakes
Tivar or Aethelyan of Moondragon

Newsgroups: rec.org.sca
From: bb512 at torfree.net (Susan Carroll-Clark)
Subject: Re: Yes--the Middle Ages as they should have
Organization: Toronto Free-Net
Date: Sun, 22 Oct 1995 00:24:30 GMT

	I, too wish that there was more encouragement given to folks who
wish to do lower- or middle- class personae.  I've heard a new person 
discouraged from doing so more than once with words such as "You don't
want to be a peasant--we're all lords and ladies here".  Too often folks
equate "peasant" with low class--in other words, peasant means "wench"
( and the appropriate male equivalent--if there is one) with the usual
stereotypes (ie, lower class garb is 'less authentic" and prone to leather
cookie-tray bodices--or if not that, lower class garb is seen as requiring
little or no research--aka the "simple t-tunic" we all hear so much about).

	In fact, lower class personae are in many cases more interesting
and more fun to do, so long as there are no harsh overlords around.  I
would not encourage that temporary serfdom ever be made a punishment--
this would do even more to discourage folks from doing this as a regular
thing.  I would also encourage people to develop a persona who shares
their regular persona's time period, but is of a different class--just
to get a different perspective from time to time.  (Pennsic is a great
place to do this--after all, court garb is a little excessive there,
and the living conditions are closer to what lower class folks would
have experienced than what upper class folks normally would have)

	Finally, I'd love to see some peasants bringing a case before
an overlord--barons and baronesses would be perfect.  It could give
a really unique insight into law and would amuse me to no end (to see
how much SCA law parallels or does not parallel the real thing).

Nicolaa/Susan
stillat bb512 at torfree.net for now
******************************************************************************
Susan Carroll-Clark	|	"Pinky, are you pondering what I'm pondering?"	
University of Toronto	|	"Yes, Brain, but where are we going to find	
Department of History   |		rubber pants our size?"

From: IVANOR at delphi.com
Newsgroups: rec.org.sca
Subject: Scottish Ladies' Skirts
Date: 26 May 1996 02:25:03 GMT

Quoting an790 from a message in rec.org.sca
   >Oh, you are correct, few people in the SCA choose lower-class
   >personnas.  This is partially because members of the SCA are
   >understood to be of the 'upper crust' in one way or another.  At
   >least, this is what I have been told by older members of the
   >organization.  This understood 'rule' (I'm not sure if it's

This is what I was told, too, and it works quite well for reminding us to
treat each other like ladies and gentlemen (in period, few nobles treated
the lower classes with any such courtesy... courtesy, in fact, meant court
behavior).  We've had a peasant event in our Barony, and it was a lot of
fun, and I got to go barefoot. Some of us have peasant personas, either
principal or secondary. I know one lady who works in the kitchen at every
event she is able to attend, and won't wear "noble persona garb" because it
isn't suited to kitchen work. She got her AoA years ago, and is officially
Lady Diana, but she still does the peasant thing because it is her way of
enjoying what we do. Our "everyone starts equal" gives her that privilege
too.

Granted, a single-class society, or even an all-noble society is not period,
but neither is the use of antiseptics to treat cuts, etc. What we do, it
seems to me, is recreate whatever crafts and other customs interest us in a
milieu where all are welcome and respected (unless and until they show
themselves unworthy) and all crafts are valued.  (In period, an armorer
would never have eaten at the same table as a Baron, but it happens here all
the time, to our benefit.)

This is part of what we mean by selective recreation.  I think the
"authentic recreationists" do the same. Who sits in the stocks at Plimouth
Plantation?  What crime did he commit? (If there is anyone there, trust me,
it is just for show.)

Carolyn Boselli   ivanor at delphi.com   Host of CF35..SCAdians on Delphi
ivanor at localnet.com                                                   

From: tjordan001 at aol.com (TJorDan001)
Newsgroups: rec.org.sca
Subject: Re: advice for a peasant
Date: 28 Sep 1996 11:36:11 -0400

>       I was doing my usual scanning of articles here and 
>a question popped to mind.  Since by recent threads it has become 
>clear that there are other peasants out there, I was hoping they 
>would have some advice for the rest of us.
>Covering:
>*Behavior;
>*Garb and sources;
>*Proper way to be treated by others;
>*excuses for attending "Gentry" events;
>*Naming or what do you do when you get an AOA; and
>*any cool stories from being a peasant.

>Lady Aoife MacLoed
>Incipient Shire of Eirtun
>Atenveldt

Lady,
  Speaking as one of the 'bloody peasants' let me offer these thoughts.

*Behaviour
   Any way I want to (in theory) since I can't be expected to know the
proper forms.  In practice I try to act with courtesy and kindness because
that's the way I'd like to be treated.  Also, I didn't join the SCA to bow
and scrape.

*Garb
   A little more difficult, peasants weren't really a popular subject for
painters and were often idealised when they were.  Since peasant garb
wasn't the sort that gets preserved (unless you happened to be killed near
a peat-bog) we don't have many physical examples either.  Warriors will
have little difficulty finding illustrations for some garb and for the
other I go with less ostentatious forms of the garb of the nobility.

*Way to be treated by others
   See Behaviour, above.

*Excuses for attending 'gentry' events
   I'm a mercenary, I get paid to show up.

*What to do when you get an AoA
   Do the period thing, become one of the 'gentry'.  (It helps if you have
a daughter to marry off to some 'well-bred' but dirt poor lordling.)

*Good stories
   No shit, there I was..... nah.

Good luck to you Lady.
             Jester of Anglesea

From: Elaine Ragland <er37 at columbia.edu>
Newsgroups: rec.org.sca
Subject: Re: Margery Kempe
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 1997 12:32:14 -0500
Organization: Columbia University

For a lower class point of view, you might try Barbara Hanawalt's, _The
Ties That Bind_.  She uses post-mortem inquisition reports to reconstruct
the lifestyle and environment of the typical peasant.  She also discusses
the legal rights of the peasant housewife.  Can she be held accountable if
her husband hides stolen property in their house, etc.

Elaine Ragland
aka Melanie de la Tour

Date: Tue, 20 May 1997 22:29:09 -0500
From: theodelinda at webtv.net (linda webb)
To: sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu
Subject: Re: Chickens & eggs & thoughts on period practices

For more details about commoner's diets, see Piers Plowman--there's a
section where his neighbors bring him food to help him through rough
times.  As I recall, the principal meat mentioned is bacon.

From: bronwynmgn at aol.com (Bronwynmgn)
Newsgroups: rec.org.sca
Subject: Re: Peasant Persona
Date: 1 Sep 1997 16:45:19 GMT

"Michael Logue" <mplogue at SPAMLESS.mindless.com> writes:
> Although there is much documentation as to the
>lifestyles of the gentry (clothing, armor, et al), I havent come accross any
>references concerning commoners.  I can't see someone of such low standing
>being able to afford or even make the type of cloth used in even a simple
>T-tunic.  What did they wear?  Rough homespun/sack-cloth?

Look for a book by Joseph and Frances Gies called "Life in a Medieval
Village", ISBN 89-33759.  You should be able to find it in a local library
or bookstore in the History section.  I know Borders Bookstore carries
their books, and I recall seeing at least one of theirs in Walden's or
Dalton's recently.
A simple T-tunic (or the pair of them that was more commonly worn) would
be made of either linen or wool.  Linen comes from the flax plant, and
there are numerous representations of peasant women spinning flax.  It is a
plant that a peasant could have grown in his toft (the plot of land
surrounding his house), along with a lot of food plants and herbs, not to
mention a few chickens or geese.  Wool, of course, comes from sheep, and
even peasants commonly owned a few sheep.

Brangwayna Morgan 

From: Joe Wolf <JOE.B.WOLF at conoco.dupont.com>
Newsgroups: rec.org.sca
Subject: Re: Peasant Persona
Date: Thu, 04 Sep 1997 08:16:52 -0700
Organization: Conoco, Inc. -  IT Sourcing/Purchasing

I've seen something like what you desire done before... but the fighter
didn't wear a water bucket. (I don't think even a peasant would have
done that... they were poor, not stupid!! <grin>)

The gentle covered his helm with a large liripipe (hood with long, thin,
dangling end) tucked into his rope belt.  He had "homespun" trews
(pants) and homespun tunic and wielded a scythe (modified glaive). 

The thing that I really remember well were his "flesh toned" gauntlets!!
He painted a pair of heavy welders gloves with a hobby paint used for
painting ceramic dolls... from 10ft+ he looked bare handed!

Good luck and have fun!

Lord Manfred Wolf               mka             Joe Wolf
Barony of the StarGate                          Houston
Ansteorra                                       TX

Date: Sat, 31 Oct 1998 08:24:43 -0800
From: Anne-Marie Rousseau <acrouss at gte.net>
Subject: Re: SC - Nobility and Feasts

Hi all from Anne-Marie

The Known World Handbook says that we're all supposed to be assumed to be
of noble birth, if that helps.

Me, and my household, have decided to re-enact the life and times of a
bunch of upstart middle class people, the household staff and servants of
Antoine the Bastard of Burgundy. He treats us pretty well, so we dress OK,
and we cook food for him (ie from the latest cookbooks and soooo chic chic!
:))

Since we decided to stick with the middle class thing, things have gotten
SO Much easier! gold isnt appropriate, but silver and pewter and brass are.
Silks arent appropriate but linen and wool is. The upper classes in the
15th century wore goofy clothes anyway (especially the womens hats. Ugh!),
the middle and lower classes wore very reasonable and practical garments.

Once a year, we in the Culinary Guild put on Peasants revel, and its
amazing to see all these SCA "nobles" dress up in ratty clothes and play
stupid field games (a la Brugel). So I guess there's a little peasant in us
all :D

Its not a matter of lack of imagination, its all about what kind of game
you want to play. When I first joined, I wanted nothing more than to be a
Lady out of Mists of Avalon, all floaty veils and flowers in my hair. I
wanted boys to kiss my hand and call me m'lady and put me on a pedestal
like the books said they did. Now I'm older, and I'm more interested in
historical re-enactment. According to the sources, in medieval Europe,
80% of the people were rural serf types, only 1-2% were aristocrats. Of
course, of those farmers, the majority were actually self employed and
owned their own lands. The dirt grubbing peasant is not the norm. We have
inventories for people where even the peasant pig farmer has a couple coins
stashed away. (ack! my books are out in the car from teaching a class on
agriculture last week!! I can give citations if you like).

anyway, lets just say that while the SCA was likely set up so everyone
could be a magical princess in their own right :), real history says most
people would have been independent farmers, managing a comfortable enough
living, barring unforeseen plagues, famines, etc. Just like today! What
game you choose to play is entirely up to you.

- --AM

Date: Mon, 2 Aug 1999 15:09:12 -0500
From: "Decker, Terry D." <TerryD at Health.State.OK.US>
Subject: RE: SC - Fw: [Mid] Last Post : Knowne Worlde Potters Meeting

>   I am getting a handle on how such things were used, their special needs
> (since they are not metal) during cooking and such, What i need to learn
> now is what was cooked in them. More specifically, I want to know what
> the common man regularly ate in the 13th to 14th century in England. some
> of my pottery books make brief referance to the analysis of matter found
> within pottery vessels, and seem to suggest a relatively high calory
> diet, (around 1800 calories a day, or so they say) but this tells me
> nothing of just what was eaten.
>
>    All this leads to helping me create as Period an experience as
> possible. Since English potters were not of noble birth, I am really not
> looking to or expecting elaborate food..or is this wrong?
>
> Hroar

As far as I can tell, the primary food of the Middle Ages was grain; barley,
rye and wheat, and to a lesser extent oats and rice.  A couple of studies I
quoted previously on this list suggest that the average consumption was 2
pounds of bread and 1 gallon of beer a day.

Christine de Pisan (1420) describes the fare of the laborer's wife as "black
bread, milk and water."

According to Chaucer (I believe), "poor folk in cottages, charged with
children and the chief lord's rent:  that they with spinning may spare,
spend they it in house-hire, both in milk and in meal, to make therewith
pap, to glut therewith their children that cry after food.  Also themselves
suffer much hunger....  There is bread and penny-ale taken for a pittance
(luxury); cold flesh and cold fish is to them as baked venison; on Fridays
and fastingdays, a farthing's (1/4 penny) worth of mussels were a feast for
such folk..."

A day labor for the monks at Glastonbury in the 12th Century received a
daily loaf and two gallons of beer with a weekly penny to pay for all other
food stuffs.  Servants of the Abbey received a daily ration from the monk's
kitchen in lieu of the penny.

Harvest carters received 1 loaf of second rate bread (wastel) and beer per
day at Ramsey.  On the first day, the harvesters received "bread, beer,
pottage (of peas or beans), flesh and cheese, and three loaves for every two
men...of wheat and rye, with more wheat than rye".  On the second day,
"bread, pottage, water, herrings and cheese."  The accounts show roughly the
same amounts each day alternating between flesh and fish days.

You also need to consider the Black Death.  Real wages increased about
five-fold after the plague and general wealth increased as estates were
settled.  Between mid-14th Century and the beginning of the 17th Century,
real income was almost 50 percent higher than between the late 17th Century
and the middle of the 21st Century.  Except for periods of famine and war,
many places in Europe had a wide variety of meat, fish, and vegetables
available and the money to enjoy them.

England, with its ocean moat and growing fleet, fared well so that by 1470,
Sir John Fortesque said of the general population, "They eat plentifully of
all kinds of flesh and fish: they wear fine woolen cloth in all their
apparel."  At the same time, parts of France still suffering the effects of
the Hundred Years War were living on gruel.

In the late 14th Century, the poet John Gower commented upon the cost of
labor after the plague, "Labourers of olden time were not want to eat
wheaten bread; their bread was of either corn (probably barley) or of beans,
and their drink was of the spring.  Then cheese and milk were a feast to
them; rarely they had other feast than this."

The ideal laborer of Piers Plowman would eat yesterday's cabbage with
penny-ale and a piece of bacon, but instead required, "fresh flesh or fish,
fried or y-baken," served hot from the kitchen.  When food was scarce, the
laborer made do with, "two green cheeses, a few curds and cream, and a cake
of oats, and bread for my bairns of beans and of pease."  And the commonly
available leeks, onions, parsley and cherries.

When meat was available for the laborer, it would likely be chicken, goose,
pork, bacon or herring.

A potter would be a townsman and a skilled laborer and would likely have
better food.  The owner of the pottery would probably eat as well as most
nobles.  I would recommend looking at Menagier (even though he's French) for
recipes suitable for a wealthy townsman.  I would also recommend reading C.
Anne Wilson's Food and Drink in Britian.

Bear

Date: Thu, 30 Sep 1999 03:27:10 -0400
From: Melanie Wilson <MelanieWilson at compuserve.com>
To: "INTERNET:sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu" <sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu>
Subject: What exactly are the differences between serfs and peasants?

Villeins were tied to the land, they were not slaves in that they could
not be bought & sold.

They had a complex set of rights and duties , so the Lord had duty to care
for them to some extent, also their widows and children (ie those unable to
look after themselves) should their man die. They could buy themselves out
of this situation.

It should not be assumed they were poor. They could be much richer than
cotters who were freemen for instance, and often chose NOT to buy their
freedom as they were happier (more secure) as bondsmen. (Talking of which
Bondsmen made Free whilst a marxist view of the situation is woirth a
read).

I'm not sure about the town dwellers/freedom issue you mention, as viliens
were tied to the land, I think if a villien took off to the town a Lord
would rarely bother to chase after him, he could loose his privalages &
land & if he returned he would be subject to fines generally.

We have a bondsman in out group, known for lazyness who dissappeared before
the harvest, he has returned he claims he was abducted by the welsh, his
cousin is the Reeve and the Lord fined him for his cousins dissappearence.

It is all much more about pulling your weight in many ways than abusing
somebody, there were no machines so if it didn't get done by man power you
didn't eat (no supermarkets either!) It was the Lords job to oversee that
things went OK in the grand scale & each had tasks within that to perform.
Problems came yes with taxes, but also mechanisation which worried the
peasantry (see The Medieval Machine for instance) and caused more riots
than and social unjustice we might perceive as such, as they saw it as
taking away their jobs & uses.... ie why will the Lord do his duty by us
when he dosen't need us to...... logical & right, we see the eventual
result in societies where many jobs are service industries and there will
never be full employment as there was then. In farming in 50 years here a
farm that used to employ 25 men full time maybe 50 at harvest & shearing
time, may employe 3 full time maybe 6 at busy times now.

Anyway I hope this helps a bit, it is a very complex question and even
after years of reading you still find new bits. This brief message I'm
afraid nowhere near covers the complexities!

Mel

Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2005 19:47:53 -0400
From: Robin Carroll-Mann <rcmann4 at earthlink.net>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Rotten meat and spices...
To: Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at ansteorra.org>

Laura C. Minnick wrote:
> Personally, I think our preoccupation with meat is in part due to our
> own habits of meat consumption (in general- quite a bit) and for us in
> particular, the fact that the extant menus and recipes are basically
> those of the upper classes, which ate more meat. If Matilda, John the
> Farmer's wife had written down her recipes and menus, we might see a
> very different picture.

FWIW, here's Chaucer's description of the diet of a poor widow:

Three large sows had she, and no more, 'tis plain,
Three cows and a lone sheep that she called Moll.
Right sooty was her bedroom and her hall,
Wherein she'd eaten many a slender meal.
Of sharp sauce, why she needed no great deal,
For dainty morsel never passed her throat;
Her diet well accorded with her coat.
Repletion never made this woman sick;
A temperate diet was her whole physic,
And exercise, and her heart's sustenance.
The gout, it hindered her nowise to dance,
Nor apoplexy spun within her head;
And no wine drank she, either white or red;
Her board was mostly garnished, white and black,
With milk and brown bread, whereof she'd no lack,
Broiled bacon and sometimes an egg or two,
For a small dairy business did she do.

Canterbury Tales, "The Nun's Priest's Tale"
(modern English translation, translator unidentified )
-- 
Brighid ni Chiarain
Barony of Settmour Swamp, East Kingdom

Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2005 18:11:04 -0700
From: "Laura C. Minnick" <lcm at jeffnet.org>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Rotten meat and spices...
To: Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at ansteorra.org>

> Laura C. Minnick wrote:
>> Personally, I think our preoccupation with meat is in part due to our own
>> habits of meat consumption (in general- quite a bit) and for us in
>> particular, the fact that the extant menus and recipes are basically
>> those of the upper classes, which ate more meat. If Matilda, John the
>> Farmer's wife had written down her recipes and menus, we might see a  
>> very different picture.
>
> FWIW, here's Chaucer's description of the diet of a poor widow:

Except it is not a description of her diet, but of her possessions.

First, the starting with lines immediately above (in the Middle English,
but I'll gloss it where needed):

A povre wydwe, somdeel stape in age,
Was whilom dwellyng in a nawre cotage,
Biside a grove, stondynge in a dale.
This wydwe, of which I telle yow my tale,
Syn thilke day that she was last a wyf
In pacience ladde a ful symple lyf,
For litel was hir catel and hir rente

[So we have a poor widow, advanced in age, who is living in a small
cottage, beside a grove, in a dale. This widow, since she was widowed, has
patiently led a simple life, for she has few possessions (chattel) and
little income (rente).]

By housbondrie pf swich as God hir sente
She foond hirself and eek hir doughtren two.

[Through careful management (husbandry) she provided for (foond hirself)
herself and her two daughters.]

Thre large sowes hadde she, and namo,
Three keen, and eek a sheep  that highte Malle.

[She has three sows, no more, three cows, and also a sheep named Molly.]

Ful sooty was hir bour and eek hir halle,
In which she eet ful many a sklendre meel.
Of poynaunt sauce hir neded never a deel.
No deyntee morsel passed thrugh hir throte;
Hir diete was accordant to hir cote.

[Her chamber and her hall are sooty- (except this is being used in an
ironic sense rather than literal- she has no such rooms in her cottage,
they are found in a manor house), wherein she has eaten many slender
(scant) meals. She has not needed a bit of spicy sauce. She's eaten no
dainty morsels. Her diet is in agreement with the modestness of her  
small farmyard.]

[From there are a few lines about her health, then:]

No wyn drank she, neither whit ne reed;
Hir bord was served moost with whit and blak-
Milk and broun breed, in which she foond no lak,
Seynd bacon, and sometyme an ey or tweye,
For she was, as it were, a maner deye.

[She drank no wine, neither white nor red; her table was set white and
black- milk and brown bread, which she was not short of. Smoked bacon, and
sometimes an egg or two, for she was something of a dairywoman.]

Of course later we get to hear of her rooster, Chaunticleer.

So she has three sows, three cows, and a sheep. And a few chickens. It is
clear that these animals are where she gets her meager income- she milks
the cows (and possibly Molly) and sells the milk. Possibly sells eggs. She
likely has the sows bread and sells the resulting piglets. She may butcher
a pig now and then, but not often, as the only mention of meat is a bit of
smoked bacon. What she eats apparently is the products of her animals, and
bread. (God help her in Lent!) She doesn't eat the animals themselves (at
least until they are old and no longer producing) any more than a wheat
farmer eats his seed.

'Lainie

Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2005 21:55:16 -0400
From: Robin Carroll-Mann <rcmann4 at earthlink.net>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Rotten meat and spices...
To: Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at ansteorra.org>

Laura C. Minnick wrote:
>> FWIW, here's Chaucer's description of the diet of a poor widow:
>
> Except it is not a description of her diet, but of her possessions.

[snip]

> So she has three sows, three cows, and a sheep. And a few chickens. It
> is clear that these animals are where she gets her meager income- she
> milks the cows (and possibly Molly) and sells the milk. Possibly sells
> eggs. She likely has the sows bread and sells the resulting piglets.
> She may butcher a pig now and then, but not often, as the only mention
> of meat is a bit of smoked bacon. What she eats apparently is the
> products of her animals, and bread. (God help her in Lent!) She
> doesn't eat the animals themselves (at least until they are old and no
> longer producing) any more than a wheat farmer eats his seed.
>
> 'Lainie

I didn't mean to imply that she ate her beasts.  Her diet is bread,
milk, eggs, and sometimes bacon.  I left in the description of her
farmstead to give an idea of her economic position.  She is a poor
widow, but not utterly impoverished (ie., not a beggar).
-- 
Brighid ni Chiarain
Barony of Settmour Swamp, East Kingdom

Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2005 21:51:54 -0400
From: Jadwiga Zajaczkowa / Jenne Heise <jenne at fiedlerfamily.net>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Rotten meat and spices...
To: Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at ansteorra.org>

> That's reading quite a bit into it, I think.  The mention of bacon  
> alone indicates that she did have ample pork as a protein source,

Gies and Gies and other sources indicate that bacon and other small
portions of meat were often given to day laborers as hire or given out
among the customary exchanges for harvest help. So she might not have
had a pig in order to have bacon.
-- 
-- Jadwiga Zajaczkowa, Knowledge Pika jenne at fiedlerfamily.net 

Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2005 19:06:33 -0700
From: "Laura C. Minnick" <lcm at jeffnet.org>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Rotten meat and spices...
To: jenne at fiedlerfamily.net, Cooks within the SCA
	<sca-cooks at ansteorra.org>

> Gies and Gies and other sources indicate that bacon and other small
> portions of meat were often given to day laborers as hire or given out
> among the customary exchanges for harvest help. So she might not have
> had a pig in order to have bacon.

Thank you, Jadwiga. Saved me the trouble.

If you look at fabliaux traditions (and your random 'fairy tales' generally
fall into that category), a flitch of bacon was often that 'little bit' of
meat that would be found in a poor household. When it gets pinched by a
thief or the dog makes off with it while the goodwife's back is turned.  And
it keeps well, unlike much of the rest of the poor beast.

And William, 'reading a bit into it' is what I'm about. It's why I have
that piece of paper.

'Lainie

Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2005 21:57:49 -0400
From: "Phil Troy / G. Tacitus Adamantius"
	<adamantius.magister at verizon.net>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Rotten meat and spices...
To: jenne at fiedlerfamily.net, Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at ansteorra.org>

Also sprach Jadwiga Zajaczkowa / Jenne Heise:
>> That's reading quite a bit into it, I think.  The mention of
>> bacon alone indicates that she did have ample pork as a protein source,
>
> Gies and Gies and other sources indicate that bacon and other small
> portions of meat were often given to day laborers as hire or given out
> among the customary exchanges for harvest help. So she might not have
> had a pig in order to have bacon.

Flitches of bacon were apparently being given out as prizes for
various competitions and achievements in English county fairs in the
20th century... I wouldn't be at all surprised to find this was a
very old custom.

Adamantius

Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2005 22:50:48 -0700
From: "Laura C. Minnick" <lcm at jeffnet.org>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Rotten meat and spices...
To: mooncat at in-tch.com, Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at ansteorra.org>

At 09:48 PM 4/12/2005, you wrote:
> Also, what no one seems to be considering (at least, not in the posts I
> read), is that the widow might not have been a free woman? (oh, gack,
> Lainie, help me with the correct term, will you?)

Depending on when and where? serf, villein, early on they were called what
they really were, which was slaves. The difference between a free tenant
and a bond tenant (villein) is not much, and sometimes academic- the free
tenant _could_ go, but where could he go? And with what?

Given the list of stuff she has, I would hazard a guess that she is at best
a cottager, or small free-holder- however, as a widow, without sons to
perform the tenancy duties due to the overlord, she probably has given up
part of what her husband left, in return for alleviation from those duties.
(This could well explain the missing mention of fields.) Not to mention,
that there were death taxes- when her husband died, she could not take
possession without turning over the 'best beast' to the lord as the fee for
her right of inheritance. She may have only half to two-thirds of what she
and her husband had when he was alive.

> I wonder if the widow could have had some use from the livestock, but  
> not owned them to the extent that they could have been freely butchered.

Unlikely- once she gave up the best beast, the rest were hers.

>   She also would have had to find a way to purchase fodder and other food
> for the larger animals--I don't recall seeing anything in the description
> of her in Chaucer about her owning or having access to fields? Just the
> grove her house was near? (I suppose the pigs could maybe be let loose
> there, but logistically that would depend on local laws and customs.)

Actually, there was pasturage in common- the herders (middle-school aged
boys usually) would drive the animals out to the pasture in the morning,
and back in the evening. When you really needed fodder was in the  
winter.

Yes, if there were oaks in the grove, the sows probably fed there (and yes,
the lords figured out that cash source pretty early- between licenses and
fines, it was pretty lucrative).

>  I don't recall, either, if Chaucer ever said what her husband's
> occupation was, which could have had a strong effect on what she had
> available for her use after his death.  We don't know if she owned the
> land and cottage outright, or just until her death, for instance, or if
> they'd been given to her as an act of charity....Lots and lots of
> variables! ;-)

Well, after this brief description, we hear no more of the widow- the story
is about her cock, Chaunticleer, and his hen, Pertelote.

But think about it like this- for this to have been an effective frame for
the tale, it would have to be recognizable to the reader- i.e., a familiar
situation, a poor widow and her children, ekeing out a living on a small
holding. And it was familiar, given the death rates- if a woman survived
her childbearing, she was likely to outlive her husband by some years.
Enough that there is whole sections of law codes devoted to the rights of
widows to inheritance, to have power over their children, to carry on their
husband's occupation.

> It's far more likely, by the way, that she kept the sheep for wool.  A
> more livestock-experienced friend than I says they're pretty difficult  
> to milk

I'll take your word for it. I'll admit that I'm frightened of sheep, and
really don't want to get that close to one!

> --wool could be sold to someone as raw goods, or could have been spun  
> and sold to local weavers, or even traded.

Yes. Quite readily.

>  Cows would be more productive (does the middle english specify  
> gender?)

Nope. That's one of the things it loses in the change from the Anglo-Saxon.
There's still vestiges of gendered meanings in borrowed French or Latin
words, but none in the English. (Fine with me- one less thing to worry
about gender equity!)

> ...they could be bred, and then milked.  3 would have given her at least
> enough milk to make cheese and butter in season, which could be sold.

Particularly since Chaucer notes her as a dairywoman.

>   Pigs, ditto, but sold for meat or taxes.
<snip>
> I don't recall seeing anything in the Chaucer that folks quoted about
> other possible sources of income for the widow and her daughters,

Nope, that's where he leaves us- after that he starts talking about
Chaunticleer.

> I definitely think the livestock were kept for income sources--how else
> would she pay taxes? Buy grain for herself and the animals? Buy household
> goods? Salt to cure the bacon? Thatching for the cottage? Wood for her
> fire, unless she had rights to wood from the grove?

Some of these could be obtained by barter- butter in exchange for flour,
cheese to the boy who drives the cows out and back. Maybe a piglet to the
carpenter for a new axle on the cart. She might be able to convert some
livestock or dairy goods into cash- which she needed to pay taxes, to pay
tithes, and to pay for firewood or a permit to gather. And sooner or  
later she needs money for the girls' futures.

Not to mention a snare to catch that pesky fox!

'Lainie

Date: Wed, 13 Apr 2005 05:45:32 -0700 (PDT)
From: Pat <mordonna22 at yahoo.com>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Rotten meat and spices...
To: Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at ansteorra.org>

Then you would also give her credit for being smarter than modern farm  
widows.  I lived and worked in farm country for 20 years.  While my  
husband at the time was (unfortunately) not dead, he was an alcoholic  
and gambler, and absent most of the time.  I had several friends and  
relatives who WERE widows.  I can tell you that quite often we made do  
with the vegetables we could grow and some lard or fat back (or "bacon"  
if you will) while we fed the pigs and cows so that we could use the  
proceeds to pay taxes, buy flour and salt, and put the kids through  
school.  On a poor farm, your livestock are your resources, not your  
larder.

Mordonna

Chris Stanifer <jugglethis at yahoo.com> wrote:
--- Pat wrote:
> She probably kept them for breeding stock, and sold or bartered the  
> pigs for flour, salt, and
> other necessities. If she just ate them, they wouldn't last her long.
>
> Mordonna

I seriously doubt this. If she was breeding the pigs, then she most likely had plenty of little piglets running around during the mating season. I find it very  
difficult to believe that, with a litter of piglets running the yard, she would have traded them all for salt and flour without taking at least a few for the dinner table. I'm pretty convinced that these medieval types were just a wee bit smarter than we give them credit for.

WdG

Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2005 02:41:56 -0700
From: "Laura C. Minnick" <lcm at jeffnet.org>
Subject: [Sca-cooks] More about meat-
To: sca-cooks at anstorra.org

Ok, so I pulled a bunch of economic histories off my shelf, and have a
couple of things of interest to note here...

One of my favorite questions when tackling subjects like these, is Where
and When? It does make a difference, and when considering meat in the
medieval diet, it is no different- except perhaps to add Who? to the  
line of inquiry

In the Early Middle Ages, it appears that many people ate a diverse diet
that included a decent amount of meat. This we can surmise from evidences
given through archeological finds, records of land under cultivation, and
early manorial records. Sheep, goats, pigs most frequently; it appears that
in Italy young sheep and goats were often kept for milk production, and
only butchered when old. There are scattered reports or eating horseflesh-
the Church began railing against it in the eighth century, and later in the
Middle Age it appeared that eating horses was only done in truly
exceptional circumstances.

There was a shift however sometime in the 10th century, as the increase in
population forced grazing land to be brought under cultivation. Animals
were significantly more scarce by the late 13th-early 14th c. than they
were at the turn of the millenium. Available land was brought under the
plow to grow grains to support the increase in population. (This indeed
follows with modern understanding of world hunger issues- the same field of
grain can feed x amount of people, or the animals that will be  slaughtered
and feed <x amount of people. The more people that must be maintained, the
fewer animals and more grain must be raised.) At that point the average
diet was quite high in grains and pulses, with less animal proteins.  Wheat,
rye, maslin, oats, and barley were grown in different areas (most barley
was grown for brewing, but apparently a dense bread of barley and oats,
called 'drege' was eaten by the very poor).

(It occurs to me that there is a fairly extended description of peasants
eating a meal in Adam de la Halle's _Robin et Marion_, but I don't have a
translation at hand, and the copy I have found is in the Picard dialect of
Middle French. Mentions bread and cheese and shallots and salt, and probably
more that I'm missing.)

John Gower complained in the late 14th c that "Laborers of old were wont to
eat of wheaten bread; their meat was of beans and coarser corn, and their
drink water alone. Cheese and milk were a feast to them and rarely ate they
of other dainties." And why is he looking back at these peasants 'of old'?
Two things happened that changed the economy of eating again: the Great
Famine, and the Black Death.

The Great Famine (in roughly 135-1322) was largely the result of the
burden of population coupled with a spell of lousy weather. A series of
cold, wet years, rotted seed before it could be planted, and ruined crops
in the fields (helpful hint- there are some very interesting books on the
subject, but don't open them if you're prone to depression. Trust me on
this). Remember that balance of grain to population? Look at this: the
population in England went from between 1.3 and 1.5 million in the late
11th century to *5 million* by 1300. That increase in population was
heavily dependent on that increase in grain production. A failed crop was a
problem- several years of failed crops meant disaster. On top of that, as
if it weren't enough, a disease called murrain (actually a group of diseases) hit the livestock- sheep and cows. The animals were already
somewhat weakened by the foul weather, and dropped by the score. As
example, the flocks at Bolton Priory in 1316/1317 went from over 3,000 animals to 913. A combination of crop and animal disease took it's toll on the humans-  
we can reckon something of the mortality rates by evaluating related records;
for instance, in 1316/1317, the heriot ('best beast') payments on manors in
Winchester were nearly three times the normal (The 'best beast' was given
to the lord as payment by whoever claimed an inheritance, thereby giving an
indication of an estate changing hands due to death). Records such as these
indicate a reduction in population as high as 10-15%.

Roughly a generation later, as the population stabilized and began to creep
back up, it was visited with crisis anew when the Black Death hit western
Europe (1348). Estimates vary, but somewhere between 25-30% of the
population succumbed in the first wave (subsequent waves, such as in
1360-61 did not hit as hard). With deaths at those rates, the delicate
Malthusian balance was completely upended- and as a result, fields that had
grown grains could be used for pasturage, and with fewer people competing
for the same calories a peasant who survived the plague could eat better
than he ever had- he could scorn the bread made of beans that Gower talks
of, and demand white wheat bread. (There was of course several legislative
attempts to put the peasants back in their place but the shortage of
workers made those efforts effectively futile.)

And yet standards varied. The peasant in a lovely ditty called "How the
Ploughman Learned His Paternoster"-

"His hall rofe was full of bakon flytches,
The chambre charged was with wychs
Full of egges, butter, and chese,
Men that were hungry for to ese;
To make good ale, malte had he plentye;
And Martylmas fefe to hin was not deyntye;
Onyons and garlyke had he inowe;
And good creme, and mylke of the cow."

Contrast with the picture that Langland paints for us:

"Also in winter they suffer much hunger and woe
It would be a charity to help them
Bread and penny-ale are a luxury
Cold flesh and cold fish is to them like baked venison
On Fridays and fasting-days, a farthing's worth of mussels
or so many cockles were a feast for such folk."

It really does come down to When, Where, and Who.

Spread me with butter- I'm toast. Good night-

'Lainie

Date: Thu, 17 Dec 2009 18:01:42 -0600 (CST)
From: "Pixel, Goddess and Queen" <pixel at hundred-acre-wood.com>
To: Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at lists.ansteorra.org>
Subject: [Sca-cooks] Farmer's feasts question

Besides in Rumpolt, does anyone know of any other late-period references 
to what a feast menu for the lower classes should be like? I am 
researching an A&S entry for 12th Night and my research library is 
woefully inadequate for Tudor/Elizabethan era anything, let alone feast 
menus.

The goal is to base the entry off of "a Shakespeare quote". So I am going 
with a quote from the play "A Winter's Tale" in which one of the 
characters is reciting his shopping list for the sheepshearing feast they 
are going to have.

"I cannot do't without counters. Let me see; what am
I to buy for our sheep-shearing feast? Three pound
of sugar, five pound of currants, rice,--what will
this sister of mine do with rice? But my father
hath made her mistress of the feast, and she lays it
on. She hath made me four and twenty nose-gays for
the shearers, three-man-song-men all, and very good
ones; but they are most of them means and bases; but
one puritan amongst them, and he sings psalms to
horn-pipes. I must have saffron to colour the warden
pies; mace; dates?--none, that's out of my note;
nutmegs, seven; a race or two of ginger, but that I
may beg; four pound of prunes, and as many of
raisins o' the sun."

Specifically I am looking for info on what the upper classes thought would 
be appropriate for a farmer's feast. I have a reference that says that a 
roast joint of mutton is expected at a shearer's dinner, and later there's 
a discussion of what grains to make the pie crusts and puddings out of, 
but that's all I have.

Any help is appreciated.

Margaret FitzWilliam

Date: Thu, 17 Dec 2009 21:11:40 -0500
From: Johnna Holloway <johnnae at mac.com>
To: Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at lists.ansteorra.org>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Farmer's feasts question

Go with Thomas Tusser.
He's even a contemporary of Shakespeare.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tusser

His Five hundred pointes of good husbandrie (1573 is one edition) is  
up now on Google Books.
http://preview.tinyurl.com/yct6m39

Page 69 starts the December Husbandrie section where the Christmas  
section reads:

Christmas husbandly fare. chap. 26.

GOod husband & huswyfe, now chiefly be glad,
things h?dsom to haue, as they ought to be had
They both do prouide, against Christmas do come
to welcom their neighbour, good chere to haue som
Good bread & good drinke, a good fyer in the hall,
brawne pudding & souse & good mustarde withal.
Biefe, mutton, & porke, shred pyes of the best,
pig, veale, goose & capon, & Turkey wel drest:
Chese, apples & nuttes, iollie Caroles to here,
as then, in the cuntrey, is counted good chere.
What cost to good husbande, is any of this?
good housholde prouision, onely it is.
Of other the like, I do leaue out a meny,
that costeth the husbandman, neuer a peny.

 Will this do?

Johnnae

On Dec 17, 2009, at 7:01 PM, Pixel, Goddess and Queen wrote:
<<< Besides in Rumpolt, does anyone know of any other late-period  
references to what a feast menu for the lower classes should be  
like? I am researching an A&S entry for 12th Night and my research  
library is woefully inadequate for Tudor/Elizabethan era anything,  
let alone feast menus.snipped

Specifically I am looking for info on what the upper classes thought  
would be appropriate for a farmer's feast. I have a reference that  
says that a roast joint of mutton is expected at a shearer's dinner,  
and later there's a discussion of what grains to make the pie crusts  
and puddings out of, but that's all I have.

Any help is appreciated.

Margaret FitzWilliam >>>

Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2009 09:54:59 -0500
From: Johnna Holloway <johnnae at mac.com>
To: Cooks within the SCA <sca-cooks at lists.ansteorra.org>
Subject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Farmer's feasts question

There's also this:

The regiment for Winter, December, January, and February.

THe shepheards in winter are clothed in thick gowns of rough cloth hie  
shorne well furred with foxe. For it is the warmest furring that is,  
and Cats, Conies, Lambs, and diverse other thicke furres that be good  
and wholsome.

In the winter shepheards do eat beef, Pork, Brawn of Harts, Hinds and  
all kind of venison, Partriges, Fesants, Hares, fowles of the river  
and other meats that they love best: for that is the season of the  
year that nature suffereth greatest plenty of vittle for the naturall  
heat that is drawn with in the body.

In this season also they drink oft strong wines, after their  
c?plexion, bastard or Osey. Twice or thrice in the week they use good  
spices in their meats: For this is the wholsomest season of all the  
yeer in the which chanceth no sicknesse, but by great excesse and  
outrages done to nature, or by evill government. Shepheards say also  
that Prime time is hot & moist, of the nature of ayr, complexion of  
the sanguine, and that in the same season nature reioyceth, and the  
pores open, and the bloud spreads through the veins more than another  
time. Summer is hot and dry of the nature of fire, of complexion of  
cholerick, when one ought to keep him from all things that procure  
heat, all excesse, and hot meats. Harvest is cold and dry of the  
nature of earth & complexion of melancholy, in the which time one  
ought to keep him from doing excesse more th? at other times. But  
winter is cold and moist, of the nature of water, and complexion of  
flegmatick, then ought a man to keep him warm and meanly to live in  
health.
 from The Shepheards kalender newly augmented and corrected. London,  
1656.

A revision of The shepardes kalender. [1570?]]

Markham offers this humble menu:

Now for a more humble Feast, or an ordinary proportion which any good  
man may keepe in his family for the entertainment of his true and  
worthy friends, it must hold limitation with his prouision, and the  
season of the yeere: for Summer affords what Winter wantes, & Winter  
is master of that which Summer can but with difficulty haue: it is  
good then for him that intends to feast, to set downe the full number  
of his full dishes, that is, dishes of meate that are of substance,  
and not emptie or for shew; and of these sixteene is a good proportion  
for one course vnto one messe, as thus for example,

First, a shield of Brawne with mustard: Secondly, a boyld capon;  
Thirdly, a boyld peece of Beefe: Fourthly, a chine of beefe rosted:  
Fiftly, a neates tongue rosted: Sixtly, a Pigge rosted:

Seuenthly, chewets back't; Eightly, a goose rosted: Ninethly, a swan  
rosted: Tenthly, a turkey rosted; the eleuenth, a haunch of venison  
rosted; the twelfth, a pasty of venison;

the thirteenth, a Kid with a pudding in the belly; the fourteenth, an  
oliue pye; the fifteenth, a couple of capons; the sixteenth, a custard  
or dousets.

Now to these full dishes may be added in sallets, fricases,  
quelquechoses, and deuised paste, as many dishes more, which make the  
full seruice no lesse then two and thirty dishes, which is as much as  
can conueniently stand on one table, and in one messe: and after this  
manner you may proportion both your second and third course, holding  
fulnesse in one halfe of the dishes, and shew in the other, which will  
be both frugall in the spendor, contentment to the guest, and much  
pleasure and delight to the beholders. And thus much touching the  
ordering of great feasts and ordinary contentments.

The English house-vvife. 1631.

Time is probably too short but there's this volume:

Christmas in Shakespeare?s England. Compiled by Maria Hubert. Stroud,  
Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1998. ISBN: 0-7509-1719-9.  
It's rather expensive even if you can locate a used copy, but it's a  
good book.

Liza Picard's book Elizabeth's London might be good too and it's more  
available,

Johnnae llyn Lewis

<the end>

Edited by Mark S. Harris	peasants-msg	Page  of