P-Condoms-art - 4/18/18

"A Sheath of Linen Cloth" by HE Mistress Maimuna al-Bukhariyya, OP. (Period Condoms).

NOTE: See also the files: birth-control-msg, Birth-Control-art, p-sex-msg, Thorns-o-Rose-art, Uroscopy-art, M-Aphrodisiacs-art, B4-Toilet-Pap-art.

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NOTICE -

This article was added to this set of files, called Stefan's Florilegium, with the permission of the author. 

These files are available on the Internet at: http://www.florilegium.org

Copyright to the contents of this file remains with the author or translator.

While the author will likely give permission for this work to be reprinted in SCA type publications, please check with the author first or check for any permissions granted at the end of this file.

Thank you,
Mark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous
stefan at florilegium.org
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A Sheath of Linen Cloth
by HE Mistress Maimuna al-Bukhariyya, OP

A Replication and Discussion of a Disease Prevention Method from Renaissance Europe

Abstract

The purpose of this fiber and functional arts entry is to identify and discuss the advent and subsequent use of prophylactics during the Renaissance period, as well as replicate samples of prophylactics, as described by renowned medical doctors of Renaissance Europe. Birth control, by no means, is a modern invention. Throughout times, men and women have utilized herbal contraceptives, abortifacients, and prophylactics to prevent or terminate pregnancies.

There is a decided disconnect between the moral writings (i.e., Holy Scriptures and medieval canons) of the period and the actions of the populace, similar to the disconnect found in the modern day. Throughout the Bible, the common Scripture of the periods and geography that truly encompass the study of our Society, men and women are reminded to remain chaste, both before and during marriage. However, the documented use of contraceptives and abortifacients shows the actual cultural belief systems.

This documentation will not discuss the use of prostitutes or the common medieval sexual practices (either within or outside of the marriage). It will focus, primarily, on the use and constitution of condoms as, primarily, disease prevention, and, secondarily, birth control methods.

Inspiration

The concept of this fiber and functional arts entry was "birthed" from Internet research that revealed a museum display of a condom, made of a pig's intestine and dated back to 1640, in a museum in Austria. This particular condom was, supposedly, re-usable and the additional disease prevention technique was to soak the condom in warm milk prior to use, per the original users' manual, written in Latin. It is now known that lactic acid is a known contraceptive agent (Riddle, 1997). Ten condoms, dated to 1646, were found in the garderobes (or latrines) at Dudley Castle, in Warwickshire, England, during an excavation in 1985. Because of the standard sizes and fastening devices, it is surmised that condom manufacture, by the mid to late 1600s, was already a professional and specialized craft (Hall and Silliman, eds., 2006). Condoms were commonly made of sheepskin, snakeskin, animal intestines, or linen and the spermicide used was either vinegar, lemon juice, or milk (lactic acid), all which altered the pH levels in the woman's vagina (Himes, 1936; Bullough, 1976).

Brief History of Birth Control Methods – General

Methods of birth control typically are divided into two categories: contraceptive methods and abortifacient methods. Contraceptive methods are methods used to prevent conception, whereas abortifacient methods are methods used to terminate a pregnancy. Some herbal methods could be used as both a contraceptive and abortifacient. Research on the topic of contraceptives and abortifacients revealed that Medieval and Renaissance people were quite knowledgeable in the concepts of birth control, despite the prevailing religious and canonistic views against population control.

History of Birth Control Methods – Prophylactics

The documented history of the use of prophylactics is not as prolific as the documented use of herbal remedies and other birth control methods, such as coitus interruptus. Condoms, as used in the late 1500s-1700s, were more valued for their prophylactic nature (preventing the spread of syphilis) than their contraceptive nature (Bullough, 1976). "The invention of the condom, expanded, however modestly, men's power over procreation" (McLaren, 1990).

Research (some albeit not easily identifiable as scholarly) identifies that people throughout history have used some sort of prophylactic to prevent pregnancy (e.g., Minos, the czar of Crete; in 3000 BCE, the ancient Egyptians (Mindel, ed., 2000); in 1350-1200 BCE, ancient Roman legionnaires; the Pharaoh Tutankhamen; the ancient Chinese (Mindel, ed., 2000); and the ancient Japanese). These prophylactics were primarily made of leather, animal intestines, or oiled silk paper (Collier, 2007). The ancient Romans are credited with making condoms from the muscles of their fallen foes (Collier, 2007). By the 17th century, Dr. Condom, a Colonel in the Royal Army of Charles II, made contraceptive caps of sheep intestines. By the 18th century, production lines began manufacturing condoms: the vulcanization process of rubber made it possible to produce condoms on a mass scale.

Scholarly research reveals extant condoms from the 1600s, found in England and Sweden. These extant condoms were made of animal intestine, shaped, and sewn, with a ribbon casing for fastening. The common "natural" contraceptive agents were lactic acid (through the use of milk or the herb, acacia), lemon juice, or vinegar, all of which altered the pH level in the vagina, thereby, preventing pregnancy. Gabriello Fallopio, in the late 1500s AD, invented a linen sheath, cut to shape and designed to fit over the glans or into the cervical canal:

As often as a man has intercourse, he should (if possible) wash the genitals, or wipe them with a cloth; afterward he should use a small linen cloth made to fit the glans, and draw forward the prepuce over the glans; if he can do so, it is well to moisten it with saliva or with a lotion. However, it does not matter; if you fear lest caries (syphilis) be produced (in the midst of) the canal, take the sheath of linen cloth and place it in the canal; I tried the experiment on eleven hundred men, and I call immortal God to witness that not one of them was infected (Fallopio, 1564, as cited in Bullough, 1976; Dickens, 2000)

Fallopio divulged that the linen sheath that he invented was small enough "that it could be carried in the trouser pocket" (Himes, 1936). At this point in time, the prophylactic invented by Fallopio was more valued for its disease prevention successes (against syphilis) than its pregnancy prevention successes (Riddle, 1992; Riddle, 1997; Mindel, ed., 2000; Withers and Wilcox, eds., 2003). Casanova, a 1700s AD lothario, used prophylactics to prevent infection and pregnancy. His prophylactics were tested for efficacy through air-inflation (Himes, 1936). He also reported success with using lemons to detect venereal disease in his conquests: the small lemons (cut in half) were used to detect chancres (the syphilitic lesions) on the labia and then were used as cervical caps during sexual intercourse (Himes, 1936).

Brief History of Syphilis, or the Great Pox

Syphilis is one of a group of diseases that is caused by spirochete organisms from the genus Treponema. The sexually-transmitted syphilis is now a worldwide occurrence and is caused by T. pallidum. Related treponemas are bejel, or endemic syphilis (T. pallidum endemicum), yaws (T. pallidum pertenue), and pinta (T. carateum). Syphilis "has been called variously yaws, bejel, pinta (the name of one of Columbus' ships), bubas, and frambesia" (Hayden, 2004). A spirochete is four to 20 microns long and 0.1 to 0.2 microns wide, with six to 24 evenly spaced spirals tapered at both ends (Hayden, 2004).

Syphilis appeared in Europe in the 1500s. Syphilis has gone by many names: the Venetian disease, the disease of Naples, the French disease, the French pox (Morbus gallicus), the Turkish disease, the Spanish disease (Rose, 1997; Clancy, 1999; Hayden, 2004). Commonly, the other name for syphilis usually came from the "enemy" country, e.g., the English called syphilis the French disease.

There are three prevailing theories on the origin of syphilis, as a disease:

1. Columbus and his ships' crews transmitted syphilis to the European countries after his conquest/discovery of the New World (Pusey, 1933; McNeill, 1977; Quétel, 1992; Rose, 1997; Clancy, 1999; Hayden, 2004; Karras, 2005; Rothschild, 2005).

2. Syphilis developed in both hemispheres from the related diseases, yaws and bejel (Pusey, 1933; McNeill, 1977; Diamond, 1997; Rose, 1997; Clancy, 1999; Hayden, 2004; Karras, 2005; Rothschild, 2005). A related theory posits that syphilis presented, originally as yaws, in northern Africa and migrated north into Europe with the slave trade and mutated into the disease commonly identified as the Great Pox (Rothschild, 2005).

3. Syphilis was always present in the Old World, but was not recognized as a separate disease until 1500s Common Era [CE] (Rose, 1997; Clancy, 1999; Hayden, 2004; Karras, 2005; Rothschild, 2005).

Stages of Pox, as Recorded in Renaissance Europe

The first stage of syphilis is reported to be pains, usually attacking the joints and combined with fevers, and sores or abscesses at the genital areas. The second stage consists of pustules and ulcers that destroy tissue deep into the bone (Pusey, 1933; Quétel, 1992; Arrizabalaga, et. al., 1997; Diamond, 1997; Hayden, 2004). Girolamo Fracastoro, an Italian physician and poet, in 1546, discovered that syphilis was a constantly-changing disease: the disease from the early 1500s was different than the disease of the mid 1500s (Quétel, 1992).

One of the first documented case histories of a syphilitic indicates the initial presentation with small ulcers on the sexual organs, following by encrusted pustules in the same area, followed by skin necrosis, decay of body parts, widespread boils or pustules, and painful muscle aches. The stages lasted for about a year, disappeared, and then recurred after one-year's time (Arrizabalaga, et. al., 1997).

Treatment methods included ingestion of guaiacum wood (Pusey, 1933; Quétel, 1992; Arrizabalaga, et. al., 1997; Hayden, 2004), mercury (Pusey, 1933; Quétel, 1992; Arrizabalaga, et. al., 1997; Hayden, 2004), and arsenic (Pusey, 1933).

Stages of Syphilis, as Recorded by Modern Medicine

The clinical stages of early, or infectious, syphilis are primary (which present with the infection and presence of a chancre and usually lasts between nine and 90 days), secondary (which present after the primary lesion and with a fever and rash and usually appears six weeks to six months after the primary lesion), and tertiary (or early latent) (which present with paresis, tabes dorsalis, cardiovascular problems, and meningeal problems and usually appears less than two years after the primary lesion) (Pusey, 1933; Egglestone and Turner, 2000; Hayden, 2004). The clinical stages of late, or non-infectious, syphilis are late latent (which usually appears two years after the primary lesion) and tertiary (which usually appears three to 20 years after the primary lesion) (Egglestone and Turner, 2000; Jennison, 2007).

The Replication of a Condom

The condoms on display are hand-sewn from linen fabric that has been pre-washed and dried numerous times, to tighten the weave and soften the fabric. The linen fabric was hanky-weight, 3.5 ounces per yard, with 62 stitches to the inch.

The stitch used for the seams was a running stitch, using linen thread, with a thread-count of 112/1. A hem-stitch was used to close the casing.

Previous research indicates that a casing was sewn on the top of the condom to house a drawstring used to secure the condom during sexual intercourse and that was used in this replication process. Eyelet holes were used to form the holes for the ribbon to thread through, so that the condom could be secured on the penis.

While it is not clear what type of ribbon was used, a pre-dyed thin silk ribbon was purchased, because of its visual similarity to the drawstring ribbon shown in the extant, post-period animal intestine condom. Research from Collier (2007) indicated that the ribbon used as a drawstring was a silk ribbon (pink, in color). To replicate the drawstring, this researcher used a pre-dyed thin silk ribbon (pink, 4 momme), purchased because of its visual similarity to the drawstring shown in the extant, post-period animal intestine condom and documentation provided by Collier (2007). According to Böhmer (2002), the pink color of the silk ribbon should be obtainable by using any of the following plant dye-stuffs: the root of the Rubia tinctorum L., or madder (using iron sulfate as a mordant), the flower of the Carthamus tinctorius L., or safflower (using no mordant), or true Brazilwood, or Caesalpinia sappan L. (with alum, acidic or basic additives as mordants. According to Böhmer (2002), the pink color of the silk ribbon should be obtainable by using any of the following insect dye-stuffs: Mediterranean kermes, scientifically known as Kermes vermilio (with an alum mordant), Ararat kermes, scientifically known as Porphyrophora hameli (with no mordant identified), and lac, scientifically known as Kerria lacca (with no mordant identified). These dye-stuffs traditionally dye the fabric a reddish-color; it is this researcher's hypothesis that pink can be obtained through shortening the dye- time or experimenting with the amount of water or amount or type of mordant used. Upon further research, through Böhmer (2002), the insect dye-stuff that should have the best result on silk (dying a medium pink-red) is the Ararat kermes, a native insect to Mount Ararat, in Turkish east Anatolia and Armenia. All of these dye-stuffs mentioned above were available, either through farming or trade, to individuals in Western Europe (Böhmer, 2002).

Three different construction techniques were attempted because of the lack of information on extant, historical, condoms. It is not clear which construction technique was used for the extant condom on display in the Tyrolean Provincial Museum, made of pig intestine, but additional photographs (save the one documented photograph of the exterior of the condom) were not found.

Efficacy of Linen as Disease Prevention Modes

Seminal fluid, at first, is a liquid similar to egg whites, but then becomes a liquid like hand lotion. The amount of seminal fluid in each ejaculate is about a half a teaspoon (two to three cubic centimeters of liquid). An increase in ejaculation opportunities decreases the motility of sperm and the quantity of seminal fluid, thereby acting as an effective birth control method (Armitage, 2007, personal communication).

It is this researcher's hypothesis that the efficacy testing will have the following results: lambskin will have the highest efficacy, for all tests conducted, followed by the double-layer of linen and then the single-layer of linen. The other hypothesis is that the dampened condom samples, regardless of media, will have a higher efficacy than the dry condom samples.

Liquid matching the consistency and viscosity of seminal fluid was allowed to drip through each type of fabric (both single layers and double layers of linen and the control, a modern-day pre-lubricated animal skin condom) and was timed for free-dripping and dripping with the aid of force and friction (imitating the action of sexual intercourse). The tests were repeated, using warm milk as a dampening agent on the fabric. The linen fabric condoms were compared to a modern-day animal skin condom, used to prevent the transmission of sperm during sexual intercourse. Directions on a box of natural skin condoms indicate that natural skin condoms should not be used to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. The use of fabric versus the use of latex (as a modern-day invention) is not a valid comparison, as one is natural and the other is man-made (and modern). A modern latex condom is the only male prophylactic that will prevent pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (testing of the disease prevention qualities of other prophylactics, such as the birth control pill, diaphragm, intrauterine device [IUD], et cetera, was not conducted).

Before- and after-photographs of the free-drip efficacy tests are included in the "Manuscripts and Illuminations" tab. There are only before photographs of the friction efficacy tests, because each test was only one minute in duration and the test did not allow for ease in photographing the process; those are not included in the "Manuscripts and Illuminations" tab.

The conclusions of the free-drip efficacy tests with egg whites on dry fabric (and pre-lubricated lambskin) follow:

• The single layer of linen yielded one and a half cubic centimeters of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was very wet with liquid. There was 0.1 cubic centimeters of liquid in the base of the cup.

• The double layer of linen yielded two cubic centimeters of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was slightly damp with liquid. There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

• The lambskin layer yielded three cubic centimeters (the amount that was started with) still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the lambskin was dry (the only moisture was that of the lubricant). There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

The conclusions of the free-drip efficacy tests with egg whites on milk-dampened fabric (and pre-lubricated lambskin) follow:

• The single layer of linen yielded three cubic centimeters (the amount that was started with) of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was damp with milk. There was no particulate and minimal milk matter in the base of the cup.

• The double layer of linen yielded zero cubic centimeters of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was slightly damp with liquid. There was one cubic centimeter of particulate matter in the base of the cup.

• The lambskin layer yielded three cubic centimeters (the amount that was started with) still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the lambskin was dry (the only moisture was that of the lubricant). There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

The conclusions of the free-drip efficacy tests with hand-lotion on dry fabric (and pre-lubricated lambskin) follow:

• Each of the samples had the original three cubic centimeters remaining after the timed test. Each sample was dry on the interior surface of the medium. There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

The conclusions of the free-drip efficacy tests with hand-lotion on milk- dampened fabric (and pre-lubricated lambskin) follow:

• Each of the samples had the original three cubic centimeters remaining after the timed test. Each sample had no ejaculate simulate on the interior surface of the medium. There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

The conclusions of the friction efficacy tests with egg whites on dry fabric (and pre-lubricated lambskin) follow:

• The single layer of linen yielded one cubic centimeter of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was very wet with liquid. There were 0.1 cubic centimeters of liquid in the base of the cup.

• The double layer of linen yielded one cubic centimeter of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was very damp with liquid. There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

• The lambskin layer yielded three cubic centimeters (the amount that was started with) still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the lambskin was dry (the only moisture was that of the lubricant). There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

The conclusions of the friction efficacy tests with egg whites on milk-dampened fabric (and pre-lubricated lambskin) follow:

• The single layer of linen yielded zero cubic centimeters of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was damp with milk. There was 0.1 cubic centimeters of particulate matter in the base of the cup.

• The double layer of linen yielded zero cubic centimeters of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was slightly damp with liquid. There were zero cubic centimeters of particulate matter in the base of the cup.

• The lambskin layer yielded three cubic centimeters (the amount that was started with) still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the lambskin was dry (the only moisture was that of the lubricant). There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

The conclusions of the friction efficacy tests with hand-lotion on dry fabric (and pre-lubricated lambskin) follow:

• The single layer of linen yielded three cubic centimeters (the amount that was started with) still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was dry (the only moisture was that of the milk). There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

• The double layer of linen yielded three cubic centimeters of liquid still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the fabric was slightly damp with liquid. There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

• The lambskin layer yielded three cubic centimeters (the amount that was started with) still pooled on the fabric after the timed test. The interior surface of the lambskin was dry (the only moisture was that of the lubricant). There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

The conclusions of the friction efficacy tests with hand-lotion on milk-dampened fabric (and pre-lubricated lambskin) follow:

• Each of the samples had the original 3 cubic centimeters remaining after the after the timed test. Each sample had no ejaculate simulate on the interior surface of the medium. There was no particulate or liquid matter in the base of the cup.

The timing for each test is as follows:

• The free-drip efficacy test on egg whites and dry fabric was timed at 7 minutes.
• The free-drip efficacy test on egg whites and damp fabric was timed at 7 minutes.
• The free-drip efficacy test on hand lotion and dry fabric was timed at 9 minutes.
• The free-drip efficacy test on hand lotion and damp fabric was timed at 9 minutes.
• The friction efficacy test on egg whites and dry fabric was timed at 1 minute.

• The friction efficacy test on egg whites and damp fabric was timed at 1 minute.
• The friction efficacy test on hand lotion and dry fabric was timed at 1 minute.
• The friction efficacy test on hand lotion and damp fabric was timed at 1 minute.

Table One: Results of Experiment – Remaining Particulate

  Conclusion

Prophylactics, mainly condoms, were used in the Renaissance period in Europe for the express purpose of preventing the spread of venereal disease. Regardless of the various theories presented, syphilis was not considered a serious or separately documentable problem in Renaissance Europe until after 1492, when the disease's vector became highly mobile, widespread, and virulent. After 1492, the necessity to curtail the spread of syphilis was a more pertinent problem than preventing pregnancy. To this end, this project attempted to research the utility and functionality of linen condoms. The efficacy testing of linen condoms indicated that lambskin had a high success rate of preventing the spread of both of the ejaculate simulate, egg-whites and hand lotion. Efficacy testing also indicated that a moist condom (regardless of the single or double layer of linen) is more efficacious in preventing the penetration of the ejaculate simulate (as represented by hand lotion) than a dry condom.

Works Cited:

Armitage, K.J. 2007. Personal communication regarding the epidemiology of syphilis.

Arrizabalaga, J., J. Henderson, and R. French. 1997. "The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe." New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN: 0-300-06934-0.

Böhmer, H. 2002. "Koekboya: Natural Dyes and Textiles – A Colour Journey from Turkey to India and Beyond." Ganderkesee, Germany: REMHÖB- Verlag. ISBN: 3-936713-01-4.

Bullough, V.L. 1976. "Sexual Variance in Society and History." Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 0-226-07994-5.

Clancy, N. 1999. "The History of Syphilis." Found at medinfo.ufl.edu/other/histmed/clancy/, on May 14, 2007.

Diamond, J. 1997. "Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies." New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-0-393-31755-8.

Dickens, E. 2000. "Immaculate Contraception: The Extraordinary Story of Birth Control – from the First Fumblings to the Present Day." London: Robson Books. ISBN: 1-86105-337-1.

Egglestone, S.I. and A.J.L. Turner. 2000. "Seriological diagnosis of syphilis." Found in "Communicable Disease and Public Health" vol. 3, no. 3, September 2000.

Hall, M. and S.W. Silliman, eds. 2006. "Historical Archaeology." Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 1-4051-0751-0.

Hayden, D. 2004. "Pox: Genius, Madness, and the Mysteries of Syphilis." New York: Perseus Books Group. ISBN: 0-465-02882-9.

Himes, N.E. 1936. "Medical History of Contraception." Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Company (rpt. 1963, New York, NY: Schoken Books). LCN: 70-102799.

Jennison, S.A. 2007. Personal communication regarding the epidemiology of syphilis.

Karras, R.M. 2005. "Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing Unto Others." New York: Routledge Press. ISBN: 0-415-28963-7.

McLaren, A. 1990. "A History of Contraception from Antiquity to the Present Day." Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN: 0-631-18729-4.

McNeill, W.H. 1977. "Plagues and People." New York: Random House. ISBN: 0-385-12122-9.

Mindel, A., ed. 2000. "Condoms." London: BMJ Books. ISBN: 0-7279-1267-4.

Pusey, W. 1933. "The History and Epidemiology of Syphilis." Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. ISBN: none.

Quétel, C. 1992. "The History of Syphilis." Trans. by J. Braddock and B. Pike. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN: 0-8018-4392-8.

Riddle, J.M. 1992. "Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN: 0-674- 16876-3.

Riddle, J.M. 1997. "Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN: 0-674-27026-6.

Rose, M. 1997. "Origins of Syphilis." Found in "Archaeology," Vol. 50, No. 1, January/February 1997. Found at www.archaelogy.org/9701/newsbriefs/syphilis.html, on May 14, 2007.

Rothschild, B.M. 2005. "History of Syphilis." Found in Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 40. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Tannahill, R. 1980. "Sex in History." New York: Stein and Day. ISBN: 0-8128- 6115-9.

Withers, B. and J. Wilcox, eds. 2003. "Naked Before God: Uncovering the Body in Anglo-Saxon England." Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press. ISBN: 0-937058-68-8.

Art, Patterns, and/or Manuscripts Used or Cited:

Arrizabalaga, J., J. Henderson, and R. French. 1997. "The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe." New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN: 0-300-06934-0.

Himes, N.E. 1936. "Medical History of Contraception." Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Company (rpt. 1963, New York, NY: Schoken Books). LCN: 70-102799.

Pusey, W. 1933. "The History and Epidemiology of Syphilis." Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. ISBN: none.

Quétel, C. 1992. "The History of Syphilis." Trans. by J. Braddock and B. Pike. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN: 0-8018-4392-8.

Riddle, J.M. 1992. "Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN: 0-674- 16876-3.

University of California, Los Angeles. Index of Medieval Medical Images: http://digital.library.ucla.edu/immi/ (retrieved between 1/21/07 and 1/28/07).

Unknown. "World's Oldest Condom." http://www.tiroler- landesmuseum.at/navigation/index.html (retrieved on 9/15/06).

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Copyright 2018 by Kate Daniel. <thlmaimuna at gmail.com>. Permission is granted for republication in SCA-related publications, provided the author is credited.  Addresses change, but a reasonable attempt should be made to ensure that the author is notified of the publication and if possible receives a copy.

If this article is reprinted in a publication, please place a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan.

<the end>